Number System   What is the Number System ? Machine doesn't grasp human language because it's subjective. Yet numbers are not random, which is why we use numbers to interact with computers and devices. Number Framework is a system in which we can interact and comprehend the computer. For eg, 0 is OFF for a machine and 1 is ON    

 PCB Design Basic Rules   The PCB architecture of the printed circuit board is one of the most significant design elements in the design of the electronics device. In most cases, the electronic hardware design engineer will design the circuit and then the PCB layout expert will render the PCB layout and configuration based on the schema

How does a Car Alternator work? What is an alternator?  An alternator is a generator of electric power in a car and is a major component of the vehicle's charging system. All cars with an internal combustion engine except for some hybrids have an alternator.  When an engine is running, the alternator charges the battery and supplies

 PCB MANUFACTURING  Printed Wiring Board   The PCB physically supports and electrically links electrical or electronic components using conductive paths, pads and other features etched from one or more layers of copper laminated on and/or between sheet layers of non-conductive substrate.     Net List It is a simple

Microcontrollers What is a microcontroller? A microcontroller is a compact integrated circuit designed to govern a specific operation in an embedded system. A typical microcontroller includes a processor, memory and input/output (I/O) peripherals on a single chip. They are essentially simple miniature personal computers (PCs) desig

Filter Driers  What is a filter drier? Filter-driers are a key component in any refrigeration or air conditioning system for the filtering purposes. A filter-drier in a refrigeration or air conditioning system has two essential functions: one, to adsorb system contaminants, such as water, which can create acids, and two, to provide physical

Active, Reactive and Apparent Power   Many practical circuits involve a mixture of resistive, inductive and capacitive materials. These elements induce the phase change between electrical supply parameters, such as voltage and current. Due to the behavior of voltage and currents, especially when subjected to these components, power quantity

Optocoupler Construction and Operating Principle    What is optocoupler? An opto-isolator or opto-coupler is a system that transmits electrical signals by light energy between two electrically separated circuits. Opto-isolators prohibit high voltages in one portion of the circuit from impacting or destroying other parts of the loop. &

Different Techniques  to Lower the Electricity Bill in Winters   We sense a difference in the seasons. It creeps on us as the leaves change colour and we consider that extra layer as we prepare our day's action. In October, a sudden cold snap in Islamabad and before we know it, we might be halfway through the winter before we consider

Energy Consumption Concept (KWH) What is a KWH? A kilowatt hour (kWh) is a measure of how much energy you are using. It does not mean the number of kilowatts you are using per hour. It is simply a unit of measurement that equals the amount of energy you would use if you kept a 1,000-watt appliance running for an hour. So, if you switched on a 100